[A self administered survey to assess bullying in schools]. / Validación del Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales por Abuso de Poder (MIAP) para escolares.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is common in schools and has negative consequences. It can be assessed using a self-reported instrument. AIM: To validate a Spanish self-reporting tool called "Survey of High School Bullying Abuse of Power" (MIAP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The instrument has 13 questions, of which 7 are multiple choice, rendering a total of 49 items. It was applied to 2.341 children of seventh and eighth grade attending private, subsidized and municipal schools in the city of Concepción, Chile. Expert judge analysis and estimated reliability using the Cronbach Alpha were used to validate the survey. RESULTS: The instrument obtained a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.8892, classified as good. This analysis generated four scales that explained 30.9% of the variance. They were called "Witness Bullying" with 18 items, accounting for 11.4% of the variance, "Bullying Victim" with 12 items, accounting for 7.5% of the variance, "Bullying Perpetrator and Severe bullying Victim", with 10 items explaining 6.4% of the variance and "Aggressor Bullying" with 6 items accounting for 5.7% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: The MIAP can recognize four basic factors that facilitate the analysis and understanding of bullying, with good levels of reliability and validity. The remaining questions also deliver valuable information.

Apego & psicopatología: una revisión actualizada sobre los modelos etiológicos parentales del apego desorganizado / Attachment & psychopathology: an update review of parental etiological models of disorganized attachment

Una de las actuales tendencias dentro de la Teoría del Apego consiste en la comprensión de las trayectorias desviadas en el desarrollo del vínculo, a saber, lo que se conoce como apego desorganizado (apego D). Dos décadas de investigación sobre los antecedentes y consecuentes de este tipo de apego han generado un importante acopio de conocimiento empírico y teórico. Sin embargo, en relación a los modelos etiológicos parentales que buscan explicar los procesos y mecanismos que generan que los niños desarrollen el apego D, la evidencia es contradictoria e incompleta. Dada la enorme relevancia que tiene para la elaboración de estrategias de intervención infantil poseer un conocimiento específico y empíricamente validado sobre los procesos y mecanismos parentales predisponentes al desarrollo de la desorganización del vínculo, es que el presente artículo establece una revisión de los modelos disponibles con miras a aclarar el estado actual del conocimiento en esta temática.

One of the actual tendencies within Attachment Theory is about the understanding of atypical trajectories in development of attachment, specifically referred to Disorganized Attachment (D attachment). Two decades of research about antecedents and consequents of this pattern of attachment have spawned a huge amount of empirical and theoretical knowledge. However, parental etiological models who seek to explain processes and mechanisms of D attachment have shown contradictory and incomplete evidence. Due to the important contribution that this kind of models can have for infant and child interventions, this paper seek to review existing model in order to clarify the state of the art of this important research and clinical subject.

Validación del Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales por Abuso de Poder (MIAP) para escolares / A self administered survey to assess bullying in schools

Background: Bullying is common in schools and has negative consequences. It can be assessed using a self-reported instrument. Aim: To validate a Spanish self-reporting tool called “Survey of High School Bullying Abuse of Power” (MIAP). Material and Methods: The instrument has 13 questions, of which 7 are multiple choice, rende-ring a total of 49 items. It was applied to 2.341 children of seventh and eighth grade attending private, subsidized and municipal schools in the city of Concepción, Chile. Expert judge analysis and estimated reliability using the Cronbach Alpha were used to validate the survey. Results: The instrument obtained a Cronbach Alpha coeffcient of 0.8892, classifed as good. This analysis generated four scales that explained 30.9 percent of the variance. They were called “Witness Bullying” with 18 items, accounting for 11.4 percent of the variance, “Bullying Victim” with 12 items, accounting for 7.5 percent of the variance, “Bullying Perpetrator and Severe bullying Victim”, with 10 items explaining 6.4 percent of the variance and “Aggressor Bullying” with 6 items accounting for 5.7 percent of the variance. Conclusions: The MIAP can recognize four basic factors that facilitate the analysis and understanding of bullying, with good levels of reliability and validity. The remaining questions also deliver valuable information.